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Introduction and overview
The population changes in the last two decades have lead to an increase in those ages 24 and under, as compared to the total population. In 1977, of the 33 million people within the country, 19 % , or nearly six million, four thousand people belonged to the youth age .In 1987, the youth age group composed 19% of the total population, which was around 49.5 million people; their number reaching around 9million and 400 thousand. With the increase in the number of people in this age group, in 1986 the population explosion within the age group of 15 -24 years of age lead to a sharp increase in the youth population by 20.5%, in proportion to the total population of the country. The youth population composed nearly one fifth of the total 60 million people of the country (or more than 12 million people) . During this period, whilst there was a rise in the total population of the country by around 78 %, the youth showed a 93% increase of the year 1977.
The largest percentage of growth was seen in the urban areas, which despite a low fertility rate, received large amounts of rural immigrants. Like wise, as a result of the expansion of the urban areas and transformation of some of the villages into towns, they were to hold larger populations, with the population of the youth age groups holding a larger share out of the total youth population of the country. This indicates that by the year 2006, the total population of the youth will reach up to 17.5 million people, equal to 25 % of the total population of the country. Of this population, by 2006, around 50.1% will compose the age groups of 20-24 years of age, and around 50% will comprise the age group of 15-19 years of age .
This report has endeavored to first examine the present opportunities, the challenges and the major problems on the way for employment, and the means for the youth to maintain sustainable living. It also offers an overall view about the present conditions, major concepts and issues related to the economy of the country. Generally speaking, the major economic and employment opportunities in Iran can be categorized into four main areas: 1- agriculture, 2-mines and industry, 3-services and 4-present opportunities in the ICT section. These four areas are under the direct control of the governmental system and only to a relative extent, the private sector. As for youth employment, since the ICT section requires educated forces, it holds the largest capacity for attracting the youth work force .The services section is the next area holding a large capacity for attracting the youth work force, since it does not require highly educated forces. Currently, the mines and industry and the agriculture sections are not being well received but with the present potentials and facilities they hold a very important position.
How ever, for many reasons young people are more attracted to the former three sections.
The National Youth Organization, a national entity related to the youth issues in Iran, has defined a youth as a person in an age group ranging from 14-29 years. The basic areas of economic activity for youth mainly involve information technology, communications and services: in the latter area young people are usually attracted to governmental and related job systems. This is highly significant in as far as the dominant culture for youth who are trying to find jobs and vocational opportunities is to endeavor to find governmental jobs in all the areas of services, technical, industry and agriculture, depicting the incumbency of the government over the economy. The biggest obstacle here is the overloading of the work force in this area, and the predominance of highly influential connections in place of a standard system for attracting a new work force.
In other areas, incompatibility between the needs of the job market and the skill based trainings for the youth as well as the weak functioning of the social services system in the non- governmental sectors are the most significant deterring factors against entry into the work force.
Nevertheless, It should be pointed out here that it is still important to move towards establishing micro - scale vocations by the youth themselves. Despite the fact that the majority of the youth seeking jobs and holding small work shops are from among the average to lower classes of the society, the most important problem is lack of basic capital for ensuring the formation of small jobs. In order to remove these problems and obstacles, the young work force has moved towards vocational training and technical skills, as well as receiving self employment loans.
In another section, certain factors such as nepotism and a poor social services system have caused efforts for alleviating these obstacles to yield unfavorable results.
In the employment system, a correct information flow is the foremost important circle connecting the elements of the system to each other, which plays an effective role in organizing and improving the employment development process.
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Hamideh Tabatabaie
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