The United Nations and other international actors must therefore invest a great deal in preventive action. Yes, successful preventive action may be costly, but it is the first line of defense in saving lives and sparing general destruction. Therefore, as we look into the 21st century, it is essential that we do not allow the inadequacies of previous operations to convince us that peacekeeping/peace-building operations don’t work. We should instead learn from our mistakes so that future missions can be more successful. There is so much the international community can do to ensure the maintenance of international peace and security and there is no way it can absolve itself of that responsibility.
1. SIPRI-UNESCO Handbook, Peace, Security and Conflict Prevention, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Oxford University Press 1998
2. Rivkin, Arnold, Nation-Building in Africa: Problems and Prospects, Rudgers University Press, New Brunswick, NJ 1969, p.9
3. Ibid.
4, 6, 7. Omar Bakhet, Director, Emergency Response Division, UNDP, New York; East Timor, (Narssrine Azimi, Chang Li Lin. The Nexus Between Peacekeeping and Peace-Building: Debriefing and Lessons, UNITAR, IPS, JIIA, Kluer Law International 2000)
5. Jonathan Moore, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard Univ. Cambridge, Mass.; Peacekeeping from a Peace-Building Perspective, p.71
8. Crock, Hampson, Aall, Managing Global Chaos, United States Institute of Peace, Washington, DC, 1997
9. Hussein, M. Adam, Somalia: A Terrible Beauty Being Born.
10, 11. Prof. S. Jayakumar, Minister for Foreign Affairs and Law, Singapore (Nassrine Azimi, Chang Li Lin, The Nexus Between Peacekeeping and Peace-Building: Debriefing and Lessons, UNITAR, IPS, JIIA, Kluwer Law International 2000)
12. Ibid, p. 74-5.
13, 14, 17. Prof. S. Jayakumar, Minister for Foreign Affairs and law, Singapore (Nassrine Azmi, Chiang Li Lin, The Nexus Between Peacekeeping and Peace-Building: Debriefing and Lessons, UNITAR, IPS, JIIA; Kluwer Law International 2000)
15, 16. Omar Bakhet, Director, Emergency Response Division, UNDP, New York; East Timor, (Nassrine Azimi, Chang Li Lin, The Nexus Between Peacekeeping and Peace-Building: Debriefing and Lessons, UNITAR, IPS, JIIA, Kluwer Law International 2000)
17. Prof. S. Jayakum, Minister for Foreign Affairs and Law, Singapore (Nassrine Azmi, Chiang Li Lin, The Nexus Between Peacekeeping and Peace-Building: Debriefing and Lessons, UNITAR, IPS, JIIA; Kluwer Law International 2000)
18. Jonathan Moore, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard Univ. Cambridge, Mass.; Peacekeeping from a Peace-Building Perspective (Nassrine Azmi, Chiang Li Lin, The Nexus Between Peacekeeping and Peace-Building: Debriefing and Lessons, UNITAR, IPS, JIIA; Kluwer Law International 2000)
19. Ibid.
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