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Sexual violence: In periods of crisis the numbers and severity of domestic violence against girls (and boys but to a lesser extend) tends to increase enormously. In many current conflict situations girls tend to join armed groups in order to protect themselves or simply as an opportunity to run away; giving up their education, employment and prospects on the future. Within the armies sexual abuse is however common and sexual violence has become a common war tactic in today’s armed struggles. Protective measures need to be established, especially taking into account the risks of HIV AIDS and unwanted pregnancies. Post conflict reconstruction on the other hand also provides an opportunity to challenge and change some of the pre-conflict gender roles.
Employment Creation
Employability, equal opportunities and entrepreneurship, to be most effective, require an enabling environment where employment creation is placed at the centre of macroeconomic and other public policies. Employability requires not just appropriate skills and training but also public policies, which lead to new employment opportunities where these skills can be used. Investing in youth requires not just better skilled youth, but a commitment by public and private sector partners to keep job creation a central concern of their investment strategies. Equality should follow a high road leading to increased opportunities for both women and men. Entrepreneurship should be supported not only through structural measures but also through growth-oriented macro-economic policies so that enterprises can sustain themselves.
In the national action plans the following areas need particular attention:
Employment as an overall objective of economic policy: Governments need to consider an integrated concept for economic policy. Employment policy is not a sectoral policy among others; rather it should be seen as the successful mobilization of all public policies with the aim of getting people into full and productive employment. A growth and employment oriented economic policy brings opportunities for all, but particularly to newcomers in the labour market, of which young people are the big majority.
Financial stability to promote employment: Governments can reduce instability of financial markets through sound macroeconomic policies, active labour market policies and good governance. International financial institutions have to further develop strategies to dampen the volatility of short-term capital flows.
Open markets for developing countries: Bring quotas down for developing countries’ products (agriculture, textiles and garments) and expand active labour market programmes to manage the structural changes in the developed countries.
Employment as a central issue in all sectors of post crisis reconstruction policies and programmes: While peace appears to offer hope, economic prospects often remain grim. An immediate need is to create a stable environment and put in place a set of macroeconomic policies that lead to economic expansion. In addition, given the urgent humanitarian and development needs of the crisis countries, direct job creation measures - such as works programmes to rebuild infrastructures - need to be adopted in priority.
Entrepreneurship
There are too few employers and hence to few job opportunities in the world. Governments, at the national and local levels, need to encourage a broad and dynamic concept of entrepreneurship to stimulate both personal initiative and initiatives in a broad variety of organisations, which include, but reach beyond, the private sector: small and large enterprises, social entrepreneurs, cooperatives, the public sector, the trade union movement and youth organisations.
Countries also need to strengthen policies and programmes so that small enterprises can flourish and create decent work within an enabling environment. Each country should set objectives and targets for a broad reform programme, based on best practice, which can offer more flexibility for enterprises and more security for workers.
In the national action plans the following areas need particular attention:
Cultural attitudes: Initiatives are needed to create a new culture of entrepreneurship, boosting the perception of the value of entrepreneurs to society, thereby making entrepreneurship an acceptable option for young people.
Regulations: Governments need to review existing regulations to make it easier to start and run enterprises. The number of procedures for a business start-up and the delay in getting permissions should be reduced. Governments could also facilitate business-start ups by creating easily accessible one-stop sources of information and guidance to help young women and men learn how regulations work, why they need to be observed and what they need to do to comply.
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